A grammatical form that can mark a noun phrase's role.
In der Hund schläft, der Hund is the subject. In ich sehe den Hund, den Hund is the direct object. The noun is masculine in both sentences; its article changes with case.
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Jibber Jabber. "Case." Comprehensible Input German, updated 2026-11-09. https://comprehensibleinputgerman.com/glossary/case/